Ijma, or consensus, is a foundational concept in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) that refers to the collective agreement of Islamic scholars on a particular legal or theological issue. It serves as one of the four primary sources of Islamic law, alongside the Quran, Hadith, and Qiyas (analogical reasoning). 

Here are the main aspects of Ijma:

1. Definition and Scope: Ijma involves the unanimous agreement of qualified Muslim jurists from a particular era on an Islamic legal ruling. It is considered binding and authoritative because it reflects a collective understanding of the religion.
2. Basis in Islamic Thought: The justification for Ijma is often derived from the belief that the Muslim community will not collectively agree on an error. This is supported by certain hadiths, such as one where the Prophet Muhammad reportedly said, “My community will never agree upon an error.”
3. Categories of Ijma:
   • Explicit Ijma: Where there is clear, documented agreement among scholars on a specific issue, often evident in their writings or decisions.
   • Implicit Ijma: Where scholars are silent on an issue after one or more of them have expressed a ruling, implying consent through the absence of dispute.
4. Role in Islamic Law: Ijma is often used to resolve ambiguities or fill gaps in the legal system where the Quran and Hadith may not provide explicit guidance. It helps to ensure stability and uniformity in Islamic jurisprudence over time.
5. Historical Application: Throughout Islamic history, notably in the formative period of Islamic law, many legal and theological matters were settled through Ijma. Classic examples include the consensus on the canonical readings of the Quran and the five daily prayers (Salah).
6. Challenges and Debates: While Ijma holds a central place in Sunni jurisprudence, there is debate over its definition and scope, particularly regarding how and when Ijma is reached, and which scholars must be involved. Some theological schools and traditions may have different views on the authority and applicability of Ijma.
7. Differences Among Schools: Various Islamic schools of thought (madhahib) may have differing criteria and methods for determining what constitutes valid Ijma, with some schools, like the Shafi’i, emphasizing its importance more strongly than others.

In summary, Ijma plays a crucial role in maintaining the coherence and continuity of Islamic law. It underscores the importance of scholarly consensus in interpreting Islamic teachings and addressing new issues that arise.

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