Friday Sermon by: Rashad Khalifa, Imam of Masjid Tucson
Summary:
In this program, Rashad Khalifa examines evolution and creation using the laws of probability, shows that the spontaneous origin of life and of complex organs has a probability of zero, presents the Quran’s mathematical code based on the number 19 as a message from the super-intelligent Creator, and concludes that creation and divinely guided evolution complement each other.
Video Transcript:
Every one of you is aware of the spirited debate that has been raging for decades between evolutionists and creationists. This hot debate began in the mid-19th century, about 125 years ago, when Charles Darwin developed his theory of gradual evolution. Basically, what Charles Darwin said was that life began spontaneously from inanimate, inorganic matter. This beginning of life was supposedly in water, and a single, simple cell formed first. Then this cell split, multiplied, and evolved into new forms of life. With the passage of millions upon millions of years, fish came into existence in this water, and with additional millions upon millions of years, some of the fish started to walk on land and developed lungs instead of gills. Eventually, additional millions and millions of years were required for some of these land creatures to develop wings and the ability to fly. Another branch of these land animals continued to develop and evolve, all the way to human beings.
Of course, as scientists, we took this theory of Charles Darwin and scrutinized it. We put it to the test, like any other theory. Darwin used terms like natural selection, mutations, and survival of the fittest to explain his theory. During the last 100 years of scientific revolution, we have learned quite a few things. Many of the things that you and I learned as youngsters have been found to be wrong, or at best trivialized. So we took this theory of evolution and studied it carefully. We started to look for the evidence. We treated it like any other theory, trying to prove it and turn it into a law. In the process of studying the theory and collecting evidence, fossils, skeletal remnants and so on, the other sciences combined to teach us that parts of Darwin’s original theory were unworkable, or scientifically just downright wrong. This led to the modification of Darwin’s theory. As scientists, we had to modify the original theory of evolution, as written by Charles Darwin, to fit the newly established facts.
Let me give you a couple of examples. Gradual evolution proved to be wrong. Our fossil record does not support gradual evolution. You’ve heard about the missing link; every one of you knows about the missing link. I’m here to tell you that there is not just one missing link; there are thousands of missing links. To solve this problem, scientists came up with a new theory called punctuated equilibrium. Stephen Gould of Harvard and Niles Eldredge came up with the idea of punctuated equilibria to solve the problem of the missing links. What they said was that evolution happened in giant leaps, not gradually. So this was the first major modification of the original theory of evolution.
Another idea that we had to abandon, for example, was Lamarck’s concept of the transmission of acquired characteristics. This concept of Lamarck’s had to be abandoned because it proved unworkable. To give you an example from everyday life, Lamarck said, for example, that the giraffe has a long neck because those animals had to reach for high leaves, and they lived in an area where they needed the long neck. Well, this was proven unworkable and scientifically untenable, and it was eventually abandoned. So we kept adjusting and modifying the theory of evolution.
What I wish to share with you today is a scientific examination of both evolution and creation. I will present to you physical, irrefutable, incontrovertible evidence that will help you decide exactly what took place: evolution and/or creation. The title of this program is “Evolution or Creation: The Final Argument,” and hopefully, by the end of this program, you will have seen enough evidence to help you make a final decision about evolution and creation. We will find out exactly which components of Darwin’s theory are correct and which are wrong. And I must point out at this time that Darwin was indeed a genius when he suggested natural selection, survival of the fittest and mutations to explain his theory.
Let me give you a good example: the navel orange. This beautiful fruit is a new creature. That’s right: your great-grandfather never saw or tasted a navel orange. This happened through mutation. All of a sudden, this tree came out with this beautiful fruit, seedless and delicious, and of course it has now spread all over the world. We take it for granted, but this is a good example of evolution. However, I must point out that the navel orange evolved from oranges. In other words, we did not see an apple, or a fig, evolve from an orange. The navel orange is still an orange, and this is an important point.
The evolution-creation issue is before the Supreme Court this year, in 1987, so this program is quite timely, because right now we have a powerful, scientific and objective tool that can tell us exactly which events in the world are probable and which are not. This powerful, objective and scientific tool is mathematics. Mathematics is the most scientific of all sciences. It is a pure science, and through mathematics we can tell whether a bridge or a building is going to collapse under any given circumstances. So we can use this powerful tool to examine both evolution and creation. This is exactly what we’re going to do together, and hopefully by the end of this program, you and I will reach a final decision. So the name “The Final Argument” is quite appropriate.
So let me first simplify the mathematical laws, the laws of probability, that we will be using today to examine both evolution and creation. Let us say we have five cubes. Each cube is labeled with only one number: either one, two, three, four or five. If we mix these five cubes in a mixer and have them fall down into some kind of device, so that they are lined up in one line, or toss them up in the air and have them fall so that they are lined up, what are the possible combinations of these five cubes? How many permutations are we going to have? The laws of mathematics are very simple. They tell you that you will get 120 combinations, and you obtain this by multiplying one by two by three by four by five. The product is 120. So you will get 120 combinations, or permutations. In other words, every combination, let’s say if they fall down lined up one, two, three, four, five, has one chance out of 120.
Let me show you on the board. Here we are with the five cubes, each one labeled with only one number. You toss them up in the air and have them fall down so that they are lined up in a particular combination. How many possible combinations are there? Here we see the formula: the number of possible combinations, or permutations, is 1 times 2 times 3 times 4 times 5, or 120 combinations. The probability of any specific combination is obtained by dividing 1 by 120, because each combination has one chance out of 120, and 1 over 120 equals 0.0083. This probability diminishes fast as we increase the number of cubes. For example, if we increase the number of cubes by one, so that you have six cubes instead of five, the number of possible combinations jumps from 120 to 720: one times two times three times four times five times six. And the probability of any specific combination goes down from 1 out of 120 to 1 out of 720, or 0.0014. So you can see how fast it diminishes.
Well, when will the probability diminish all the way to zero? Mathematicians, who are exceedingly precise, conservative and careful scientists, decided that if you have 84 cubes, the probability of getting any specific combination is zero. What does this mean? Let me go to the board and show you. I have the number here for 84 cubes. Look at this probability: 0.0000, all the way to 50 zeros, and then 208. So you can see that, for all practical purposes, the probability is zero, and this, by the way, is extending the full benefit of the doubt. What does this mean in practical terms? It means that you can take these 84 cubes, toss them up in the air and have them fall in such a way that they line up, and if you want the specific combination 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, all the way to 84, you can toss up these cubes and have them fall down lined up forever, and you will never see this combination. This is what a probability of zero means. You can appreciate that. Many of you are familiar with the lottery. You know what your chances are of winning the lottery, and in the lottery we’re talking about five or six numbers. So you can really appreciate the improbability of having 84 cubes line up in a specific combination.
To make a long story short, the genetic material of the human being, the genes that decide what kind of creature we have, contains, listen to this, 30 billion nucleotides, arranged in specific sequences and specific quantities. Now, what are the probabilities of arranging these billions of nucleotides in a specific sequence? Of course, you know the answer from the mathematical laws: the probability is zero, many times over. We are not talking about 84 numbers, or 8,400 numbers, or 84,000, or 84 million numbers. We’re talking about 30 billion nucleotides.
As scientists, we have been talking about the similarities between the human being and the ape as far as genetic material is concerned. And you know something? If we have 90 percent similarity, we are still talking about 300 million nucleotides that must be arranged in a specific sequence and in specific quantities to change the ape into a human being. Even if we have 99 percent similarity, we are still talking about 30 million nucleotides that must be haphazardly arranged in a specific sequence in order to change the ape into a human being, and you know that the probability of this is zero. We now have these mathematical laws that can tell us exactly which events are probable and which are not, and we know that in the case of 99% similarity between the human and the ape, the probability of 30 million nucleotides being arranged this way is zero. We’re not talking about 84 numbers; we’re talking about 30 million nucleotides.
Another thing: at the other end of the evolutionary spectrum, we are talking about the so-called simple cell. You remember, when I stated Charles Darwin’s theory, Darwin said that first a simple, single cell was formed. Well, the cell that Darwin is talking about is not simple at all. It’s a very complex chemical factory. In fact, it is the most complex chemical factory we know of. It has hundreds of actions and reactions going on in it, and it has DNA material, which is very complex. Just to mention something that would make you smile: about 50 years ago, Huxley and Wells, in their text “The Science of Life,” described the nucleus of the cell as showing nothing inside but clear fluid. Those great scientists knew nothing about DNA. In the last 50 years, there has been so much advancement in science that we now realize how many actions and reactions are going on within the nucleus. We know about DNA and its helical structure, and we know the arrangement and specificity of the sequences of nucleotides, and we now know that the probability of the haphazard creation of a so-called simple cell, as Darwin called it, is zero.
According to Darwin, the evolution of organs paralleled the evolution of the organisms. For example, the eye, this very complex organ, started out, according to Darwin, as a light-sensitive spot on the surface. After millions upon millions of years, this light-sensitive spot became a depression. Additional millions upon millions of years passed, and the depression became a pit, and then millions more years caused a lens to develop in that depression. Well, according to this scenario, creatures existed for millions upon millions of years in total blindness, awaiting the evolution of 20/20 vision, the evolution of the eye. Logically, to you and to me, this does not make sense, and now we see from the mathematical laws that the probability that this happened haphazardly is zero. Do you know how many things are in the eye? The lens, the cornea, the retina; I can give you a two-page list of the components of the eye. None of them can be formed haphazardly. We now have these laws of mathematics telling us that the probability is zero.
Now let me give you some examples. The dragonfly has 30,000 lenses in each eye, 30,000 of them. For millions of years, the dragonfly has existed with 30,000 lenses in each eye. What kind of intelligence told the dragonfly to stop evolving at 30,000? Imagine the small eye of the dragonfly divided into 30,000 cones, and each cone fitted with a perfectly shaped lens. Imagine that. Why did the dragonfly stop at 30,000? Why not a couple of hundred more, or a couple of thousand more? Who told the dragonfly, “This is enough evolution for your eye”? How about the housefly? The housefly has 4,000 lenses in each eye. What kind of intelligence told the housefly to stop evolving its eye at 4,000 lenses? For millions of years, the fly has had 4,000 lenses in each eye. Who told it to stop evolving? Why not go on to 5,000 lenses? The honeybee has 6,300 lenses in each eye, and again we face the same question. If you pursue that question, it will prove the existence of a super-intelligent being that told these organisms to stop evolving their eyes at a certain number of lenses.
So this is the irony of it: while evolution is proven to be correct by scientific research, the initiation of life, the origin of species, is proven to be improbable. The probability is zero, and therefore it had to be created by a super-intelligent Creator, and we will discuss this matter, and see the mathematical evidence supporting it, before the end of this program.
Let us look at some established facts that you and I have witnessed in the last few years. The first fact is that, despite our tremendous scientific advances and great achievements, not a single scientist, not a single researcher, not a single laboratory has succeeded in initiating life from inorganic, inanimate matter. They have utterly failed to duplicate Charles Darwin’s basic concept that life evolved from inanimate, inorganic matter. What we scientists have succeeded in doing is synthesizing amino acids and proteins from oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and so on. This is the extent of our success in the lab. We could not produce life. Of course, it is natural that we can make amino acids or proteins from oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and so on; after all, these are the ingredients that make up amino acids and proteins. It’s no big deal to create the circumstances for the ingredients to link up and make these chemicals. But these are dead chemicals, dead molecules of amino acids and proteins. Some people would say these are the building blocks of life. Well, that is right; these are the building blocks, but that is the extent of it, just building blocks. If you take a bunch of building blocks, put them in a corner and leave them there for thousands of years, will they assemble themselves into a building with a deliberate design? Of course not. So, as scientists, we succeeded in creating the building blocks, but we could not create the building. This is a very important fact.
The debate between evolutionists and creationists was so hot and so emotional that some of my fellow scientists gave up their scientific objectivity, and I find myself forced to criticize fellow scientists for behaving like unscientific creationists. Let me give you a good example. It has to do with a booklet published by the National Academy of Sciences back in 1983. In that booklet, they published a picture, one of their favorite pictures, of the skulls of a number of hominids, and they concluded from that picture that the skull of the more advanced hominid evolved from the more primitive skull. Well, this is a perfectly valid and scientific conclusion. There’s no problem with that. The problem is that the Academy ignored an equally valid conclusion: that the creatures that possessed these skulls simply existed independently of each other, without any relationship whatsoever. Scientific objectivity dictates that we present both views: that the skulls evolved from each other, and/or that they existed independently of each other. This kind of abandonment of scientific objectivity resulted from the high emotionalism and fanaticism on both sides of the evolution-creation issue, but scientists should never abandon their objectivity. We will be in deep trouble if we do. We cannot say, “Evolution is a fact, and it is up to the rest of the world to prove otherwise.” This is putting the cart before the horse. When we say that evolution is a theory, the burden of proof is on us to provide the evidence that evolution is a fact. It is our duty to establish evolution as a truth, not the other way around.
So, to summarize, we all appreciate the power of mathematics as a pure science, the most scientific of all sciences, and we are all familiar with Einstein’s simple formula, E = mc², and with the tremendous consequences of such a simple formula. Mathematics is an objective and powerful tool that can tell us exactly which events in the world are probable and which are not. We have been talking about DNA, the genes, the 30 billion nucleotides in the human genes, which interact with other life processes. We are not talking about a toy. When you go to the toy store and buy a bunny rabbit, for example, it has ears and realistic eyes, but these eyes don’t see, and this toy rabbit doesn’t have any cells, or DNA, or arranged nucleotides, or any life actions and reactions. Here we are assuming that we are talking just about the simple physical arrangement of nucleotides in specific sequences and specific quantities. This infinitesimally small probability is multiplied by other infinitesimally small probabilities when the nucleotides, the DNA, interact with other life processes in the cell and throughout the organism.
Now we can use the same powerful tool to prove the alternative, namely creation. How in the world can anybody prove creation? Nobody could imagine anything that could prove creation. But you know something? About 100 years ago, we could not envision TV, or the telephone, or communication satellites, but here we are. If you could see your great-grandfather today and describe television to him, he would disagree with you; he would think you had gone crazy. Similarly, we could not imagine anything that would prove or disprove creation. But how about a coded message from outer space? Did you ever think about that? A coded message from outer space telling you, “I am the Creator, and this is how I did it”: a message that would give you all the details.
Many of you are familiar with Carl Sagan’s latest novel, called “Contact.” In “Contact,” he presented a fictitious story about a coded message from outer space, from some intelligent life out there, and the message was decoded by computers, and so on. And you know something? This is not fiction at all. I am here to tell you that we have actually received a coded message, a mathematically coded message, from the super-intelligent Creator, telling us exactly what happened: how the universe and the six million species of living organisms in this universe all came to be.
Now that we possess this irrefutable mathematical proof, which came from outer space, from the super-intelligent Creator, we can look back and at least smile at the statements of even some of the leading creationists. For example, one of those leading creationists, Duane Gish, said that it is impossible to conceive of an experiment that could disprove the possibility of creation, and that creation therefore does not fulfill the criteria of a scientific theory. So even the creationists gave up, thinking that there could never be anything to prove or disprove creation. But here we are. Just like any other discovery, we have found this mathematically coded message from the super-intelligent Creator.
The first hint of the mathematical code was reported about 900 years ago by a Jewish rabbi, Rabbi Judah the Pious. And by the way, I’m talking here about unaltered, original, untranslated scripture. This is very important, very crucial, because there have been many distortions, changes, alterations, losses and additions to the scriptures, and we have to be extremely careful to know that we are dealing with original, unaltered, untranslated scriptures, literally the very same words that the Creator sent to us. So, what did Rabbi Judah find? Let me quote it for you; it is easier this way.
[He reads a passage from the book “Studies in Jewish Mysticism,” edited by Joseph Dan and Frank Talmage, describing how Rabbi Judah the Pious rejected an addition to the morning prayer because the holy name, and other key words, occur exactly 19 times in the original text, in sets of 19 that are intricately intertwined.]
So this was the first hint of a mathematical composition, some kind of a code, in the message that came to us from the Creator. You now realize that it is important to find original, unchanged scripture. Just like the evolutionists looking for fossils and skeletal remains, scientists have been searching the world over for original scriptures. You’ve heard about the Dead Sea Scrolls, and all the finds in many places in the Middle East. All these are attempts; some of them are failures, and some are successes. So I set out to find an original scripture, and here is the result. In this whole world, there’s only one scripture that was never altered, where not a single letter was changed, and that scripture is the Quran. So what I did was get the Quran, an original copy with the original Arabic, put it into the computer, and decode an intricate mathematical code that is clearly beyond human ability. So now we have physical proof, using the ultimate in scientific evidence, mathematics, telling us that there is a super-intelligent Creator, and in that message we see how we came into being, why we are here, where we are going, and many, many other answers to lots of our most urgent questions.
Before I put the Quran into the computer, I noticed a unique phenomenon that you will never find in any other literary work. I noticed, for example, that in the first verse of chapter 2 of the Quran there are only three letters, A.L.M. That’s it; that is verse 1 of chapter 2. These letters remained mysterious for fourteen hundred years. Scholars and scientists of all kinds looked at these initials, A.L.M., and the other initials in the Quran, trying to figure out what they meant, and they could not do it. The computer did it recently. To give you an idea, if you count the letters A, L and M in chapter 2 of the Quran, you will find that the total is 9,899, and this number, 9,899, is a multiple of 19. Remember the work of Rabbi Judah the Pious. The number 19 turns out to be the common denominator in the older scripture and in the newer scripture. 19 is the common denominator in the original, unaltered Bible, and also in the latest edition of the scripture, the Quran. And this is very important.
There are 29 initialed chapters in the Quran, covering half the Quran. The Quran has 114 chapters; some are longer and some are shorter, but the 29 initialed chapters constitute half the Quran. This mathematical system goes from the very simple to the very complex, so it is suitable for people of all levels of education. For example, chapter 50 is entitled “Q.” That’s it, just one letter, Q, and it is initialed with the letter Q. The computer said that this chapter contains 57 Q’s. You can count them yourself if you know the Arabic letters, and you’ll find that the total is 57, 19 times 3. There is one other chapter in the Quran that is initialed with the letter Q, and that is chapter 42, which happens to be more than twice as long as chapter 50, entitled “Q.” When you count the letter Q in chapter 42, you find exactly the same number, 57. So the only two Q-initialed chapters have the same number of Q’s: 57 and 57. Chapter 68 is initialed with the letter N, as in Nancy, and when you count the letter N in this chapter, you come up with 133, 19 times 7.
This goes on and on, and it gets more and more complex, until you realize that this is not human fabrication, that this is way beyond human ability. For example, we have seven chapters in the Quran initialed with the letters H.M. These seven constitute about one tenth of the whole book, and when you count the letters H, “Ha,” and M, “Meem,” in these seven chapters, you come up with the total 2,147, and this is a multiple of 19, the common denominator throughout the scriptures, the coded message from the Creator to us. If only one letter H or one letter M had been lost or added in the last 1,400 years, you would end up with 2,148, for example, which is not a multiple of 19, or 2,146, and the whole system would collapse, because mathematics is a pure science. It is the most sensitive scale, and if you lose one count, you don’t have a multiple of 19. By the time the computer was done with the mathematical analysis of the Quran, a vast mathematical code had emerged, and you could see that every letter and every word in the Quran is precisely calculated, beyond human ability, and you will be absolutely convinced that this is a message from a super-intelligent Creator, telling us exactly what happened.
Let me give you another good example, because some people may think that only the initialed chapters are mathematically composed. This simple example is that the opening statement in the Quran consists of four words, and the number of letters in this statement is 19. It’s a very important statement. It says, “In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful,” and it is considered the most important statement in the Quran. It consists of 19 letters, and every word in it is found in the whole book in multiples of 19. For example, the first word, “Ism,” or name, is mentioned exactly 19 times throughout the whole book. The second word is God, Allah, and it is found 2,698 times, which is 19 times 142. The third word, Most Gracious, in Arabic, is mentioned in the whole book 57 times, 19 times 3. And the last word, Most Merciful, is mentioned 114 times, 19 times 6.
Right there, you can appreciate that this cannot happen in a human-made book. If you go to the library and examine one million human-made books, how many will you find where the opening statement consists of X number of letters, and every word in the opening statement is repeated in the whole book in multiples of X? Again, the laws of probability say zero. You will not find a book where all the words of the opening statement comply with this criterion. So there you have it, a very simple phenomenon. By the way, it was published in Scientific American, in the September 1981 issue, and the comment on it was that this is an ingenious study of the Quran. I was really flattered.
What does this have to do with the evolution-creation issue? Well, we have here a vitally important document from the super-intelligent Creator, telling us, in words and letters that are mathematically composed beyond human intelligence, exactly what happened. In this document, we see that life began in water, just as Darwin said, so this portion of Darwin’s theory is confirmed. We also see evolution and changes in creation. In chapter 35, verse 1, and in chapter 16, verse 8, we see that evolution is a continuing process. So, according to this vitally important document, evolution is a divinely guided process. Evolution is a creation of the super-intelligent Creator, and it is something that is happening now, on a continuous basis. We learn that every one of us was individually created, and that the evolution that is taking place is individually controlled and guided by the super-intelligent Creator.
One of the most exciting things about this document is that the dichotomy, the great rift between science and religion, is eliminated. We now see this document from the super-intelligent Creator telling us that evolution is the Creator’s work, and that it is going on continuously, and therefore there is no need for this dichotomy between science and religion. So what we see here is mathematically irrefutable evidence that creation and evolution are both correct, and that they complement each other. Of course, we have to examine the existing theories of evolution and creation, and correct them in view of the new statements that have come to us from the super-intelligent Creator.
While on the subject of confirming or rejecting existing scriptures, I must point out that this mathematically composed document from the super-intelligent Creator, the Quran, sets the record straight as far as many existing creationist ideas are concerned. For example, we learn that the earth is billions of years old, not five thousand or ten thousand years old, and we learn that the earth is egg-shaped, as I mentioned before, not flat. And we learn that Noah’s ark, for example, did not look like what we see in the pictures of Bible stories. Noah’s ark was simply a raft made of logs tied together with primitive ropes, and Noah did not carry all the animals of the earth on his ark, or raft, either. He carried his domesticated animals, to save himself, his family and his animals from the flood. And the flood did not cover the whole world, as we heard as youngsters. The flood was a local flood. All this is proven by mathematically composed statements from the Creator Himself.
It is very important to realize that the prevalent creationism has nothing to do with the original, untranslated Bible. That’s right: the prevalent creationism is a product of medieval storytellers, and of ignorant interpretations and mistranslations of the original Bible. For example, the Bible says clearly that one of our Lord’s days is the same as 1,000 of our years, and a day can equal 50,000 years, if you look at the Quran. So we are told clearly that the day of our earth is not equal to any other day. When you go to the moon, the day equals 14 earthly days. If you go to Mercury, for example, the day over there is 88 of our days. So the minute you leave this tiny planet Earth, the day is no longer 24 hours. The truth is, the Bible does not say that the earth is six thousand or ten thousand years old. The Bible does not say that Noah’s flood covered the whole world, the original Bible did not say that Noah carried all the animals on the ark, and the ark did not look like an aircraft carrier either.
These misrepresentations of the Bible actually give Christianity, and religion in general, a bad name. The people who are pushing the prevalent false creationism are doing a terrible disservice to Christianity and to the Bible, because these misrepresentations are not the truth. Scientific findings, and now mathematics, support the truth in the Bible, and we must remember that the creationism that is prevalent today is false. The true Christian creationism agrees 100 percent with science. It is these prevalent ideas that are completely rejected by science and by the scientific findings and established facts. These ideas caused Darwin’s disillusionment with religion. Darwin himself wrote that, as a result, he gradually came to disbelieve in Christianity as a divine revelation. We cannot blame Darwin, seeing that the earth is billions of years old, as established by science, while the creationist ideas say that the earth is 6,000 years old. You cannot blame the man for not believing that Noah carried all the animals, the lions, the giraffes, the polar bears and the giant worms of Australia, on his ark, and you cannot blame Darwin for not believing that the flood of Noah covered the whole world. So all these things are now set straight. We learn from this document that the Quran complements all the scriptures, confirms the majority of the truth in those scriptures, and consummates the whole message from the Creator to us.
To conclude: we now possess physical, incontrovertible evidence that every one of the six million species of living organisms came into being through a creation process, and that evolution then took place, and is going on continuously, as a divinely guided and controlled process. Thank you very much.
[The program then continues as a live studio debate with call-in questions, in which Rashad Khalifa and Professor Jeff Clark, an anthropologist from Arizona State University, discuss whether creationism is science. Rashad Khalifa maintains that mathematics can now prove the existence of a super-intelligent Creator, through the mathematically coded message he has presented.]